Makayla Horton. Dr. Skaggs. World Civ. Ii. 1 February 2017.

Makayla Horton Dr. Skaggs World Civ. II 1 February 2017 Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses The Ninety-Five Theses were written by Martin Luther in 1517. At the time of writing, Luther had devoted his life to Jesus Christ, and had become a monk. In his Theses, he expressed the idea that someone must be completely willing to commit penance in order for it to be legitimate, and Luther gave several reasons why he was critical of the sale of indulgences. He challenged the authority of the pope and other powerful positions of the church multiple times throughout his writings. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses writing was very important in igniting the Protestant Reformation. Luther declared many statements about the nature of penance. Above all,†¦show more content†¦With indulgences, evil people may be able to buy indulgences and believe themselves to be forgiven, while poor people may not afford indulgences and believe they are cursed with sin, despite their behavior. Bishops are more obligated to selling indulgences, while th eir sole purpose should be to prevent men from teaching their personal dreams. Indulgences were a way for the rich to become more wealthy, while the poor may be swapping the purchase of necessities for the purchase of indulgences, believing this would save them and their loved ones from condemnation. Luther stated both that â€Å"Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences,† and that â€Å"Christians are to be taught that he who sees a needy man and passes him by, yet gives money for indulgences, does not buy papal indulgences but God’s wrath.† Luther emphasized that good people were better than people who sought to purchase indulgences. In many of his thesis, Luther affirmed that indulgences are not neccessary for forgiveness and that forgiveness is not granted with the purchase of indulgences. He shares his fear that those who buy indulgences would neglect to repent and fear Go d. These people would be convicted. As for the dead, Luther believed that your debts were erased. Those in Purgatory needed to find love, and this would reduce their sins and punishments. Luther also disapproved of priests who â€Å"act ignorantly

Stalin A Machiavellian Prince - 1941 Words

Stalin: A Machiavellian Prince Victoria McAlister Professor Innes Enlightenment and Liberal Democracy 1 October 2015 How does a leader gain and maintain the love of his people when he is killing them in mass numbers? Joseph Stalin was successful in this by following the political tactic of using fear to gain love. A tactic that was highly valued by Nicolo Machiavelli in his work The Prince. â€Å"In Arthur Koestler’s Darkness at Noon, the main character, and Old Bolshevik, Nikolaiz Rubashov, declares that â€Å"Number one† (Stalin) kept Machiavelli’s The Prince as his favorite night-table book† (Tisemanean). Stalin’s strategy of leadership can be closely compared to the strategies that Machiavelli describes in The Prince. A work that received much controversy over the lessons it preached to political leaders. It coined the phrase â€Å"the end justify the means† which follows as a consequence of considering vice a virtue. Stalin used many vices to gain and maintain his state till the day he died. Alexsandr Solzhenitsyn work, The First Circle, showcased how even on death’s door Stalin still used traits treasured in a Machiavellian prince. This paper will assess how Stalin follows Machiavelli’s guidelines for a prince in the areas of war, fear, crime, and in dealing with the people. An absolute that Machiavelli states for a prince is that they, â€Å"ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else for his study, than war and its rules and disciplines† (88).Show MoreRelatedThe Prince by Machiavelli1057 Words   |  5 Pageswrote the book The Prince to give politicians a basis on how to rule a nation and as a way to continue to make a statement in Florence’s politics. The book itself was unlike the regular â€Å"mirrors for princes†, in a sense that instead of telling the prince how to be morally sound it told him how to be effective as a ruler. Within the book there were three characteristics that were expressed that can be considered of high importance for every prince/ruler. These th ree were every prince should rather beRead MoreMachiavelli’s The Prince: Examples of Machiavellian Leaders Essay2048 Words   |  9 PagesArguably, the most Machiavellian leader to ever exist would be Joseph Stalin. He abided by three major Machiavellian methods that were stated in the Prince: the ends justifies the means, crush any opposition, and displaying a false character. Stalin had a plan for Russia and did everything in his power to achieve that plan. He wanted to transform Russia into a industrial superpower, a military superpower, and a political superpower. To achieve his goals he committed many horrible crimes againstRead MorePolitical And Political Ethics Of A Democratic Society2074 Words   |  9 Pagesethical change in a society in his book, â€Å"The Prince†. He creates a fictional Prince with the lofty mission of uniting the warring city states of Italy. Machiavelli uses the book to set out a detailed set of instructions dedicated to teaching this P rince how to obtain the necessary power to fix Italy. He permits the prince to engage in ethically questionable acts, including violence and corruption to achieve his goal. For example, he advises the Prince that the only way to ensure necessary power whenRead MoreMachiavelli s The Prince 850 Words   |  4 Pagesprosperous of societies. Machiavelli s novel The Prince was the first stab at understanding this human tendency of what is now known as Machiavellian. Machiavelli grasped the sad reality of our world and did not fall prey to other s idealistic propaganda. Great leaders understand what the endless potential they hold, they can manipulate their followers to make best of what is possible and above all they understand sacrifice. Modern day Machiavellians and successful leaders think realistically andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli in The Prince. In this book Machiavelli outlines the characteristics of a successful lead er. When using The Prince as a lens to read Julius Caesar, the correlation between a leader’s Machiavellianism and their success becomes very apparent. Marcus Brutus is undoubtedly an honorable and respectable man, but his morality prevents him from adhering to Machiavelli’s principles. Due to his lack of princely virtues, Brutus is doomed to fail, while Antony, a much more Machiavellian prince, successfullyRead MoreAssessment of a Statement Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause the end was to purify the human race. Stalin could justify his slaughter of millions because he was trying to achieve a communist utopia. The end never justifies the means. The means must justify themselves. 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Machiavelli wrote The Prince because he wanted to impress Lorenzo de Medici, who was the current ruler, and prove that he was knowledgeable and a useful advisor to him. He also wrote it as a mirror for Princes to read and understand how to be effective in power. 2) Name three recurring themes in The Prince? 1) One recurring theme in The Prince was that successful war is the foundationRead MoreBooks That Continue To Thrive Centuries After Their Initial1578 Words   |  7 Pagesextensively. With his experience in politics and desire for a unified Italy, Machiavelli decided to reach out to Lorenzo de’ Medici, the governor of Florence, in the form of The Prince. In his dedication before the start of the treatise, Machiavelli observes that the way people perceive a ruler is immensely different from the way a prince perceives himself, but that both perspectives are important. Therefore, he strives to give Medici insight into the way his people perceive him, and how that might affectRead MoreIs It Better to Be Loved or Feared as a Leader?1774 Words   |  7 Pagesimprisoned and despised after going against the new ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de Minci. In a desperate attempt at making amends with Lorenzo, Machiavelli wrote a book that outlined how to be a successful ruler in the 16th century. In his book called The Prince, he explains how to maintain power as a leader and maintain control over all of their subjects. Despite the fact that this book was written over 25 centuries ago in a time of violence and corruption, it still remains as a guide for leaders even in

Discuss the Role of Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers. Free Essays

There are 3 biological rhythms in the body. Circadian, which is our body clock which works to a 24-hour cycle and regulates our bodies biochemical, physiological and behavioural processes. Ultradian processes, which are smaller processes that happen inside our 24-hour circadian cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Role of Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers. or any similar topic only for you Order Now These Ultradian cycles are the sleep stages lasting 90-120 minutes, however some other ultradian cycles include hormone release, heart rate, nostril dilation and appetite. Lastly there is Infradian which are outside our circadian 24-hour cycle such as the menstrual cycle and hibernation. These cycles are endogenously controlled, however can be tainted or ‘entrained’ to the environment by exogenous factors. Endogenous pacemakers are biological pacemakers inside us that regulate our cycles. An endogenous pacemaker is the Suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus. It is situated directly above the optic chiasm (allowing it to respond to light) and it responsible for controlling circadian rhythms. At the presence of light, it stimulates the pineal gland to release melatonin. Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone that promotes sleep. A higher level of melatonin will promote sleep, and thus a lower level will help us wake up and stay alert. It’s this process that endogenously regulates our circadian sleep-wake cycle. The SCN’s influence on our bodies has been demonstrated in Morgans animal study. He bred ‘mutant’ hamsters with entrained ’20-hour’ circadian rhythms. When their SCN was transplanted into their ‘normal’ hamsters they exhibited the mutant rhythm. This shows the role the SCN plays in our circadian cycles, showing it regulates our sleep patterns and that rhythm entraining is done through the SCN. However, this argument can be deeply flawed. The SCN affects other circadian rhythms such as hormone release and these could affect sleep itself as well as individual differences; therefore it may be deterministic to conclude that the SCN is the regulator of sleep. Methodological issues are thrown into the research also. Is the research ethical justifiable? In my opinion, in groundbreaking findings drawing the link between the SCN and sleep it is justifiable to use rats however rats are not similar to humans and therefore cannot be well generalised. How to cite Discuss the Role of Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers., Papers