Information tech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information tech - Essay Example ed on the behavioral aspects of management accounting information, management accounting information is a necessity in business due to its capacity to change the financial position and performance of business. This has an impact on managers responsible for drawing business objectives since they are the major users of such information (Vitez 196). Depending on the level of information details available, business management decisions are based on good management information system and are only as good as how well and current information is provided. Fulfillment of business objectives is based on critical decisions, and not guesses work about elements such as budgets and costs. Through maintaining a good management accounting system, managers are able to spruce up their probability of making ideal business decisions. Even though information may not be the only key thing in business, it provides a real important component in decision making process (Vitez 198). Therefore providing inform ation improves the quality of decisions which result to actions that contribute to the fulfillment of the objectives of the business in the best way possible. In summary, providing management accounting information will not only improve the quality of business decision making, but also increase business efficiency, maximize profitability, simplify financial statement, control the cash flow of the business, increase financial reforms, reduce expenses, and solve problems and conflicts, and better financial reporting (Vitez

707 week 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

707 week 6 - Assignment Example It is however relatively expensive, has limited scope, and may be susceptible to environmental factors. Interviews involves oral presentation of prompts to which a research participant respond and could be face to face or involve the use of technologies such as phones or computer and internet applications for oral and visual communication over long distances. Unlike in observation, interviews involve the research participants and therefore induce threats of participant bias though it offers more in-depth information. Questionnaires, however, have written prompts and establish a distinction between a researcher and research participants. It is less expensive, convenient, and flexible, and the use of technology, such as in online enhances these advantages (Kothari, 2004). A research aims at developing knowledge, from existing data, for solving a problem or bridging information gap and reliability and validity ensures realization of the aims. Reliability defines consistency in data and ensures that results and implications are consistent with identified problem while validity ensures accuracy in knowledge development for addressing a research problem (Heavey, 2014). It is necessary to code collected data before analysis because coding aligns data with analysis objectives and selected analysis technique (Lester, 2013). Gender is one of the identified variables and 1 will represent male while 2 will represent

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy

A Study On Zero Tolerance Policy There are hundreds if not thousands of students in any given school. The sheer size and magnitude of the student population encompassed in these schools leads to complications of school safety. Zero tolerance is a policy which was brought about enforcing school safety more firmly, and aimed to better protect students. However, the way in which these students are protected is highly debatable, making the zero tolerance ideology very controversial. Exactly which approach is most effective in protecting a student, let alone, thousands? Is strictness more effective than leniency? Overly strict policies aim to protect the majority, however, severally punish those who have to deal with the wrath of zero tolerance, those who violate the rules. Overly lenient policies can lead to dreadful events, however, give students a sense of reason, in turn creating an understanding of what they have done wrong. In the long run which method is most effective in protecting students? These type of questio ns, along with the excess amount of questionable cases, compose a highly controversial topic. The well being of a student is the single most important factor for public schools. No parent would ever send their child to school if there was a high probability of violence. For this reason there are people who favor zero tolerance. Domoine D. Rutledge, general counsel for the East Baton Rouge Parish School System in Louisiana, reports that zero tolerance policies have aided in creating a culture inside schools that certain things will not be tolerated, period. However, whether or not that policy is effective relies on how fairly its enforced and how consistently its enforced. He continues saying that: Schools districts have had to really balance the interest of the whole school, the student body, teachers and faculty . . . as well as the rights of individual bad actors. The ability to strike that balance, and to do it fairly, more than likely influences the effectiveness of the zero-tolerance policies. Whether or not zero tolerance is effective brings about more argumentative material. Statistical data reports a significant drop in school homicides following the 1999 school shooting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado strongly suggesting, as Rutledge advocates, zero tolerance has in fact led to safer schools for students. (nces.ed.gov) Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, stated that, The arrest of a pair of New Jersey 8-year-olds for pointing paper guns at classmates was just the kind of episode that leads people to question zero-tolerance policies. (Billitteri) Statements such as those insinuate a basis of anti-zero tolerance and further complicate the controversy. However it must be noted that, Its not so easy to distinguish the prankster from the wild-eyed adolescent with a [lethal] plan when lives are at stake, Hymowitz says. (Billitteri) How is one supposed to know the intentions of a giving situa tion? While the general consensus will no doubtingly agree that a pair of 8-year-olds pose little to no threat, on the slight chance of an event occurring, the questions of why werent they stopped or how could you assume will undeniably be asked, and in this sense, it is without a doubt better to assume the ugly and end up being wrong, than to assume no harm and end up with fatal consequences. Hymowitz continues, stating that, Zero tolerance may be more symptom than cure for the uneasy disciplinary climate of our schools. Certainly its no final answer to out-of-control 5-year-olds or revenge-crazed teenagers. But as the threats continue and the bombs and guns appear, its all weve got. (Billitteri) Bringing back the topic of effectiveness, those with the get-tough attitude witness no proof of zero tolerance policies creating a safer environment in schools. In fact, a decade of research on such policies by the American Psychological Association have concluded that zero tolerance can a ctually increase bad behavior and also lead to higher dropout rates. Schools are not any safer or more effective in disciplining children than before these zero-tolerance policies were implemented, the association said. (APA) There is much debate surrounding zero tolerance, however, the real problems arise when zero tolerance is set in motion. The question at hand to those who oppose zero tolerance falls into the legitimacy and fairness of punishment. In Newark, Delaware a 6 year old boy took a camping utensil which can be used as a knife, fork and spoon to school. Naturally anyone can safely assume there is no harm, however, Zachary Christie received 45 days in the districts reform school. (Urbina) In this case, the well being of the students surrounding Christie is thrown out of the window and it comes down to its consistency in being enforced. The boy clearly had no intention in causing harm, however, was treated as if he was. The only reason he was apprehended as a criminal was to set an example. Those who think to bring anything similar to school, be it a fork, a knife, or gun, will think back to Christie and decided not to. While this incident might seem like one of a kind, unfortunately, it is far from that. Zachary Christie is not alone, there are handfuls of cases which bring about much controversy over zero toler ance. During October of 1999 in Atlanta, Georgia a 15 year old South Cobb High School sophomore brought an unloaded gun to school. When school officials found the gun in his backpack he was immediately and permanently expelled from the school district. (Skiba 3) A sixth grader at Whitman Middle School in Seattle, Washington brought a squirt gun, painted black and brown to school during September of 1999. He was expelled after the gun fell out of his book bag during lunch. (Skiba 4) David Silverstein, a seventh grader in Glendale, Arizona, motivated by the film October Sky, brought a homemade rocket to school made out of a potato chip canister. Considered a weapon, school officials suspended him upon arrival. (Skiba 4) During May of 1999 in Pensacola, Florida a sophomore received a 10 day suspension and was threatened with expulsion after loaning her nail clippers to a friend temporarily. Quoted from the principal, Life goes on. You learn from your mistakes. We are recommending expul sion. (Skiba 4) On the morning of a late June day in 1998 two high school seniors in Pinellas County, Florida arrived to school and were immediately expelled. School officials were tipped off that the boys had skipped school and smoked marijuana with some friends. A federal appeals court ruled against the district, stating that the school had not even a scintilla of evidence that the two boys were under the influence at school. (Skiba 5) In February of 1999 in Ewing, New Jersey a freshman was accused of taking drugs and was asked to visit the school nurse to check his pulse and blood pressure. His suspicious behavior which forced this drug screen upon him was because he dozed off in his social studies class. The principal immediately suspended him after he refused to submit to a drug test. Eventually the boy was forced into taking a drug test as the principle declined to readmit him until he had done so. (Skiba 5) A sophomore at Westlake High School in February of 1999 was suspended for two full school weeks after he announced his French teacher was not fluent in the language during the schools morning announcements. School officials considered the comment as a verbal attack against the teacher in an attempt to justify their actions. (Skiba 6) These cases do nothing but illustrate the negative aspects of zero tolerance. However, one can see the argument for zero tolerance as any further actions were eliminated before they could occur. Even though, at what point are schools sending the wrong message, and ultimately, when will this wrong message be more detrimental to students? Another topic of discussion is the message zero tolerance sends to the students. Should the punishment fit the crime? Those in favor of zero tolerance tend to believe the only way to clarify right from wrong is to strictly enforce school policies, and consistently enforce them. While this without a doubt protects the students from possible threats, at the same time one can question whether or not this also sends a negative message. Punishing a student for a petty mistake with grave consequences instills fear among the student population and scares them into conformity. This is not a message students should be receiving. Treating those like Zachary Christie, to use as an example, can negatively affect their mental health. Its much more difficult for Christie to tell right from wrong, and in his mind, he has not done anything wrong, yet still received punishment. To Christie he got punished for nothing, which will affect his psychological wellbeing unconstructively. How will he learn f rom his mistake and how will he look at other things in life now that he has been severally punished for such a small and innocent act? He is 6 years old, he does not need to go through this. Another negative aspect of zero tolerance is that it hinders education. Students unnecessarily miss school to serve their punishment which also leads to future problems. Julia Steiny, a former member of the Providence School Board, reported that a kid [student] whos been suspended is statistically at high risk of dropping out of school. (Steiny) Supporting zero tolerance, Kay S. Hymowitz, a contributing editor for a magazine published by the conservative Manhattan Institute, wrote that Its not so easy to distinguish the prankster from the wild-eyed adolescent with a [lethal] plan when lives are at stake. (Billitteri) To school officials, the assumption of trusting a student who has made a mistake, or is joking around, is a much greater risk. One cannot truly know the intentions of a given situa tion, only can one assume what is going on. To those who are pro-zero tolerance, safety comes first, no matter how accomplished. Zero tolerance is a very intriguing topic simply because of the complexity behind it. Those in favor make incredibly compelling and persuasive arguments. However on the flip side, those who are against it make just as valid arguments. I believe there is too much information out there to be able to claim being on one extreme end of the spectrum, whether its for or against zero tolerance. While to some extent zero tolerance is effective, after going through the plethora amount of research, I ultimately believe zero tolerance is a hindrance and a negative aspect on school safety. Not ended, but rethought I believe zero tolerance needs to go through. While the core idea behind it, safety for every student, sounds great on paper, in practice, it has obviously failed. While there are not many, there are still several cases where small acts have led to obscene punishments, completely blown out of proportion. Another negative aspect of zero tolerance is that it sends the wrong message to stu dents. For these reasons, zero tolerance needs to end in public schools, and needs to be rethought. Works Cited American Psychological Association. Zero Tolerance Policies Are Not As Effective As Thought In Reducing Violence and Promoting Learning In School. APA Press Release. 9 Aug. 2006. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. . Billitteri, Thomas J. Discipline in Schools. CQ Press Electronic Library. 15 Feb. 2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. . Hymowitz, Kay S. Zero Tolerance Is Schools First Line of Defense. Manhattan Institute. Newsday, 18 Apr. 2001. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. . Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2007 Executive Summary. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Home Page, a part of the U.S. Department of Education. Dec. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2009. . Steiny, Julia. Julia Steiny: Zero-tolerance policies in schools need to end. Rhode Island, Providence, news, sports, entertainment, ads | The Providence Journal. 31 Mar. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. . Trump, Ken. Zero Tolerance and School Safety. School Safety and School Security Experts: National School Safety and Security Services. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. . Skiba, Russell J. Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence. Rep. Indiana University: Indiana Education Policy Center, 2009. Urbina, Ian. Its a Fork, Its a Spoon, Its a Weapon? The New York Times Breaking News, World News Multimedia. 11 Oct. 2009. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. .

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa :: Causes of Anorexia, Bulimia Nervosa

What is an eating disorder? A simple definition of an eating disorder is abnormal patterns of behavior and thought. All eating disorders have shared characteristics. There is fear of becoming fat, drive to become thin, an obsession with food, weight, and calories. Families of sufferers also have an increased incidence of depression, obesity, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Two main eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia is an eating disorder in which a person is obsessed by thoughts of an unattainable image of â€Å"perfect† thinness. This occurs by starvation and/or excessive exercise and can result in death. Bulimia is an eating disorder involving the alternation between the extremes of eating large amounts of food in a short time, and then compensating for the added calories either by vomiting or other extreme actions to avoid gaining weight. There are other eating disorders other than Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Some include Food Avoidance Emotional Disorder (FAED), Food Refusal, Pervasive Refusal, Selective Eating, and Appetite Loss Secondary to Depression. Food Avoidance Emotional Disorder was first introduced by Higgs and colleagues in 1989. Sufferers of FAED have a history of food avoidance or difficulty. They also have a disorder of emotions. FAED patients have an absence of organic brain disease, psychosis, illicit drug abuse, or prescribed drug-related causes. Food Refusal is common in young children. "I'm all done." "Mommy, I don't want anymore." "No! I won't eat." These are all common phrases that a child of this problem might utter. These children often need to be bribed with threats of no dessert, or bribing them with their favorite foods. It is hard to distinguish between fads and eating disorders. Food refusers will eat their favorite foods with complete ease and also in certain situations such as a friend's house. Surprisingly these types of children are not underweight and not calorie conscious. This eating behavior is generally viewed as a behavioral problem that usually resolves itself in time. It does not represent a serious threat to the child's health or well being. Described by Lask, "Pervasive Refusal is a condition that is manifested by profound and pervasive refusal to eat, drink, walk, talk or engage in self-care. Children with this particular combination of symptoms do not fit any existing diagnostic category, and suggest that the condition may be understood as an extreme variation of the avoidance behavior seen in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Development of an Equation Essay

Purpose: Investigate a chemical reaction using lab procedures and observations. Then, find a pattern of reactivity and explain the findings using a chemical equation and particle diagram. Procedure: Refer to: Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University. â€Å"Development of an Equation.† General Chemistry 1210 Laboratory Manual. Vol. 2013-2014. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil. 32-35. Data/Results: Part A: In the potassium iodide solution, I think there were potassium atoms as well as iodine atoms. In the lead nitrate solution, I think there were lead and nitrate ions. The potassium atoms and the lead atoms can be classified as cations, since they are metals. The iodine atoms and the nitrate ion can be classified as anions since they are nonmetals. Upon mixing, the solution turned into a cloudy yellow color. Evidence that a chemical reaction occurred was that the two solutions created a new color because the two solutions were originally colorless. There was no gas formed. Part B: (Testing the Anions) Iodide reaction with hydrogen peroxide observations- The precipitate at the bottom turned into a red solid and the liquid solution was a dirty yellow color. Nitrate reaction with hydrogen peroxide observations- A colorless precipitate formed at the bottom and looked like a bubble. It was a relatively large bubble. The liquid solution was colorless and cloudy/fizzy. Since the reaction resulted in some fizzing and bubbles, this is indication that a gas was formed. (Testing the Cations) Potassium reaction with thioacetamide observations – No reaction occurred. Lead reaction with thioacetamide observations – A violet-black precipitate formed at the bottom of the test tube and the liquid solution was a cloudy grey color. It was about the same size precipitate as the nitrate reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Strong smell from the thioacetamide. Part C: Identification of ions in the precipitate that forms when lead nitrate solution is added to potassium iodide solution. (Testing for Anions) Reaction with hydrogen peroxide observations- A dark red precipitate formed at the bottom of the test tube and the liquid solution was colorless. There was not a large amount of precipitate formed and it sort of smeared along the inside of the test tube. Inferences: What anions are in the precipitate? -iodine (I-) When compared with results from part B to test anions, similar results were found. A dark red precipitate was formed in both. (Testing for cations) Reaction with hydrogen sulfide observations- A small, violet-black precipitate formed at the bottom of the test tube and the liquid solution was grey and cloudy. Inferences: What cations are in the precipitate? – lead (Pb2+) When compared with results from part B to test cations, similar results were found, A violet-black precipitate was formed in both tests. Exchange reaction- Positive potassium started off with negative iodine, and positive lead started off with negative nitrate. Potassium switched to combine with nitrate and lead switched to combine with iodine. Part D: Testing of Precipitate| Observations on Initial Precipitate Formed (relative amount, etc.)| Lead Nitrate: Potassium Iodide Ratio| Tube 1| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Not very much precipitate. Little to no streaking. Clear liquid solution above precipitate. | 3:1| Tube 2| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Equal to tube 1. Little to no streaking. Clear liquid solution above precipitate.| 2:1| Tube 3| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. A little more precipitate than tube 1 and 2. Little to no streaking. Clear liquid solution above precipitate.| 1:1| Tube 4| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Much more than tube 3. Noticeable streaking of precipitate along sides of test tube. Clear liquid solution above precipitate.| 1:2| Tube 5| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Most precipitate formed out of all test tubes. A lot of streaking of the precipitate along sides of the test tube. Clear liquid solution above precipitate. | 1:3| Testing of Supernatant| Observations| Inferences: Which ions were in the supernatant? List cations and anions.| Tube 1| The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide. | Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 2| The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide.| Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 3| The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide.| Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 4| The solution was clear with both the lead nitrate and the potassium iodide.| Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 5| The solution was a little yellow with the lead nitrate, and a little less yellow with the potassium iodide.| K+ (potassium)I- (iodine)| Discussion/Conclusion: In part A, the first step was to obtain 5 drops of potassium iodine and 5 drops of lead nitrate and put them into a test tube and record observations. Then, to test the anions in part B, 5 drops of potassium iodine, 5 drops of nitric, 10 drops of dichloroethane, and 5 drops hydrogen peroxide to a new test tube. Then to a separate test tube, 5 drops of potassium nitrate, 5 drops of nitric acid, 10 drops of dichloroethane, and 5 hydrogen peroxide to a new test tube. Both should be stoppered and shook to produce two distinct layers. To test the cations, 2 test tubes would each get 20 drops of thioacetamide and 2 drops of nitric acid. One would get 5 drops of lead nitrate and the other 5 drops of potassium nitrite. Both test tubes were heated for 5 minutes and observations were recorded. In part C, the sample was used from part A and the test tube was centrifuged, then the clear aqueous layer was removed and discarded and the precipitate was washed with distilled w ater. This process was repeated once more. To test the anions, 5 drops of nitric acid, 10 drops of dichloroethane, and 5 drops of hydrogen peroxide were added to the solid precipitate and the test tube was stoppered and shook. These results were compared to the results from part B. To test for cations, the less colored aqueous layer was transferred to a clean test tube and the leftover layer was discarded. The solution was heated in a water bath until clear. 20 drops of thioacetamide were added, stirred then heated in a water bath and compared to the results from part B. In part D, to determine the ratio of  ions in the precipitate, 5 test tubes were labelled 1-5 and were filled according to table 3.1 on page 34 of the lab manual. The same medicine dropper was used for all drops and the test tubes were stoppered and shook, then centrifuged. The relative amounts and appearance of each precipitate were recorded. To test for potassium of iodide ions in the supernatant, 5 drops of lead nitrate were added to 5 separate test tubes with along with 5 drops from the appropriate test tube solution. The same was done to test for lead or nitrate ions, but potassium iodide was added instead. The perfect ratio for thi s lab was 2 potassium iodides for every lead nitrate. This ratio was found from balancing the equation and from comparing the results from part C to part B to match the observations of the precipitates. The ratio is the molar mass ratio of the balanced equation. The balanced equation was: 2KI(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KNO3(aq)+PbI2(s) and the formula of the precipitate was PbI2(s) based on the observations. In part B, the test for anions resulted in a dark red precipitate which was the iodide solution with hydrogen peroxide. In part C, the same results were found when lead nitrate and potassium iodide were added to hydrogen peroxide, therefore; the anions found were iodide ions because it has a negative 1 charge. In part B to test cations, the precipitate was a violet-black color for the lead solution reaction with thioacetamide. In part C, the same results were found when lead nitrate and potassium iodide were added to hydrogen sulfide. The cations found were lead ions since they have a positive 2 charge. Some inherent errors could have been while extracting the clear aqueous solution, some of the precipitate could have been extracted with the solution and transferred into another test tube. Upon heating, not all of the precipitate dissolved. Some of the drops with the micropipet varied also. The medicine dropper was more precise with the drops. Through this lab, a chemical reaction was used to find the pattern of reactivity which was an exchange reaction. This is known by finding the chemical equation and properly balancing it which is seen above. This lead to the ability to create a particle diagram and the findings of a perfect ratio of lead nitrate to potassium iodide.

Difference Between Two Population Means

Here, we describe estimation and hypothesis-testing procedures for the difference between two population means when the samples are dependent. In a case of two dependent samples, two data values—one for each sample—are collected from the same source (or element) and, hence, these are also called paired or matched samples. For example, we may want to make inferences about the mean weight loss for members of a health club after they have gone through an exercise program for a certain period of time.To do so, suppose we select a sample of 15 members of this health club and record their weights before and after the program. In this example, both sets of data are collected from the same 15 persons, once before and once after the program. Thus, although there are two samples, they contain the same 15 persons. This is an example of paired (or dependent or matched) samples. The procedures to make confidence intervals and test hypotheses in the case of paired samples are differe nt from the ones for independent samples.Two samples are said to be paired or matched samples when for each data value collected from one sample there is a corresponding data value collected from the second sample, and both these data values are collected from the same source. As another example of paired samples, suppose an agronomist wants to measure the effect of a new brand of fertilizer on the yield of potatoes. To do so, he selects 10 pieces of land and divides each piece into two portions. Then he randomly assigns one of the two portions from each piece of land to grow potatoes without using fertilizer (or using some other brand of fertilizer).The second portion from each piece of land is used to grow potatoes with the new brand of fertilizer. Thus, he will have 10 pairs of data values. Then, using the procedure to be discussed in this article, he will make inferences about the difference in the mean yields of potatoes with and without the new fertilizer. The question arises, why does the agronomist not choose 10 pieces of land on which to grow potatoes without using the new brand of fertilizer and another 10 pieces of land to grow potatoes by using the new brand of fertilizer?If he does so, the effect of the fertilizer might be confused with the effects due to soil differences at different locations. Thus, he will not be able to isolate the effect of the new brand of fertilizer on the yield of potatoes. Consequently, the results will not be reliable. By choosing 10 pieces of land and then dividing each of them into two portions, the researcher decreases the possibility that the difference in the productivities of different pieces of land affects the results.

comparing computers essays

comparing computers essays At home I have Microsoft Office, not the 2000 version but I can tell you this program is like no other when it comes to presentation and processor capabilities. It is the cadillac of the programs. I have contemplated getting the office 2000 version however I am told it is very complicated and not generally for home or small business use. It is generally for the company that networks and moves around on the world wide web. As far as their database goes, it is also fairly good with Microsoft Access however transporting the database into other programs is still difficult in that it is complicated. Publisher 2000 is again an added boost to this program since it is able to help you with any publication/presentation, mailings and so on. The cost is high also which makes it less attractive for the small business owner. Microsoft Back Office, Small Business Server, is just that, a server. The cost is more reasonable however its capabilities are limited. Arc Server IT 6.6 is an excellent program for a small business because it has great database movement capabilities. Its backup and security programs are terrific which is paramount for a small business. I have know small business owners who have spent hours trying to recoup their database. It can cost them a lot of time and money with this type of a problem. This company also provides help, 24 hours of the day which is the biggest help for these store owners. There is almost no amount of money that can surpass this quality. ...

Gods Laws Essays - Black Holes, Hypothetical Astronomical Objects

God's Laws Essays - Black Holes, Hypothetical Astronomical Objects God's Laws The oldest profession in the world is not what would be commonly accepted in society. Before a woman had a chance to sell her body, people looked up at the stars and wondered what they were. They made figures out of the shapes they made. As we advanced through scientific research many other doors opened that allowed us to see what it was the earth is existing in. Our constant need to explain what is happening comes from our want to control. Knowledge is power, and nothing is more unexplained that the universe. Time is interlocked and must be understood if we want to accomplish a deep knowledge of the cosmos. Commonly it was thought that there was no such knowledge. The author Stephen Hawking had shown many otherwise. His books give a deep history and knowledge of how the universe exists. He also explains many others aspects of the cosmos and puts his works in an understandable writing style. He puts the largest accent on his studies of black holes. These are fascinating happening and the way to understanding the universe and several others can be found through the study of black holes. There are several features of black holes that makes them incredibly fascinating. The first one would be the common misconception of how noting can escape a black hole. This is true in most points. If nothing can escape them, how does one detect a black hole? Stephen Hawking discovered a fascinating aspect using anti-particle properties. He found that when matter is pulled into a black hole by gravity matter is constantly being pulled apart. This causes the anti-parties of matter to be throw away at incredible rates. This happens at consistent times. The large amount of gamma radiation let off by this is how Mr. Hawking now finds black holes. Another interesting concept of black holes is they are can be formed other ways than by the end of a stars life. Stephen Hawking and his associates found that any nuclear explosion can cause the birth of a black hole. Hawking stated that is all the heavy water, a component used in nuclear weapons, was used to create a nuclear explosion a black hole the size of earth would be created. He also stated no one would be around to witness the creation. It would have been caused by the implosion of earth at a massive rate and the amount of energy produced by the nuclear explosion. This had me wondering. Stephen Hawking also stated that is a black how small enough not to disturb the orbit of earth existed close enough to earth that its power could be harnessed to produce huge amounts of energy. This made me wonder if the same concept could be used, except with all the wastes materials on earth. I do not know the exact physics of it all, but from Mr. Hawking explanations it seemed like it might work. Black holes were also explained by Stephen Hawking as how they transcended time. Apparently the massive gravitational pull creates a rip in the space-time continuum. It is unknown what happens to matter when it is pulled into a black time wise. All matter will be ejected into space eventually as the black hole loses itself. The smaller a black hole, the more matter is ejected. It may be an odd happening, but because of the larger black holes are harder to detect than smaller black holes. Mr. Hawking stated of how if an astronaught gets pulled into a black hole the tidal forces would stretch him into a long piece of spaghetti like person. However, his life would not end in the black hole. Given enough time he would be eventually ejected into space as particles. All matter in a black hole will eventually be lost into space. The smaller a black hole is, the more matter is lost by the black hole. Stephen Hawking explained what is thought to have happened to a black hole when all its matter is lost. The hole in the space-time continuum would collapse and an explosion as massive as on of a supernova would happen. It would leave the tear in time. I wondered when the explosion would happen? Would it happen now, or ten to trillions of years from when it actually collapses. The tear in time where would it exist? Until an actual black hole is found close enough to us I suppose these questions will remain uninsured.

A research on the issues of the black urban experience according to steven gregory Essay Example for Free

A research on the issues of the black urban experience according to steven gregory Essay Issues (9) , Gregory (3) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? Chapter 5: Race and the Politics of Place Gregory, Steven (1999) Chapter 5: Race and the Politics of Place, in Black Corona , Princeton, NJ:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princeton University Press, 109-138. The researchers conducted this study in order to challenge the depictions of the black urban experience in the media, academics, and public policy debates, which the author does frequently throughout the study. In this portion of the study, Gregory focuses on the struggles that black Lefrak City residents to disrupt the lingering stereotypes alluding to race, crime, and space in everyday politics. To conduct this research, Steven Gregory, an anthropologist, uses ethnography methods including open-ended interviews, participant observation in neighborhoods and political meetings, and archival research to collect the data used in this study. He interviews various residents and political members from this area and attends a meeting involving the Neighborhood Stabilization Committee and Community Board 4. The study takes place in the Corona neighborhood of Queens, New York, specifically in the Lefrak City are home to many African Americans residents as well as people from many other backgrounds. In this study, Gregory points out the struggles that Black Lefrak City residents had in disrupting the lingering stereotypes about, race, crime, and space in everyday politics. He explains how this area of Corona was viewed as a threat to the quality of life in the surrounding areas, which provides a link to urban decline and crime to black welfare dependency (Gregory 111: 1999). He focuses on struggles in the representation of identity and the meaning of place with the distribution of political power. As evidence, Gregory interviews and observes Edna Baskin, an African American woman eager to get involved and create a political organization to counteract these stereotypes and give black citizens from this area representation in the local politics. She establishes the organization called the Concerned Community Adults, where she would help inform residents of neighborhood issues. She faced many struggles in doing this, however, and was said to be â€Å"rubbing against the grain† (Gregory 118: 1999) while trying to promote her organization and get involved with the Community Board, made up of mostly white participants. Gregory talks about other problems this organizations faced, and the successes it achieved later on. This research has strengths in its overall comprehensiveness of the issues that Gregory is discussing. The topic he tries to tackle is very complex, and he does a good job at trying to try to explain the overall issues of the research. However, Gregory could organize his work in a fashion that is easier to comprehend that helps understand the overall concepts and issues he is focusing on in the research. He also only discusses in depth one example of the struggles that one area of this community faces. I believe that it would be interesting to instead compare the many different struggles that different areas of the community have and relate them to one another. It would be interesting to see the similarities and the differences between the different areas of this community. A research on the issues of the black urban experience according to steven gregory. (2018, Apr 13).

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Paper Example 7). The post secondary education offers non-degree programs leading to certificates, diplomas and degree levels. The system does not have a second or higher doctorate, but it offers post doctorate research programs. Because of this complexities and levels, the system has been labelled as an obsolete system that requires innovation. Contentious issues exist on the current organization of levels in the education structure, the K-12 structure. Most American learners especially in literature and arithmetic have accused the education structure of inadequacies that that lead to academic incapability. The chief demonstrators of the existence of academic structure issues lay on incompetence in employment places, as well as the escalating numbers of dropouts. This shows that instructors do not utilize appropriate mechanisms to enhance knowledge comprehension and retention, and techniques that stimulate learners’ interest in academics. This dissertation scrutinizes academic reforms, the various facets that it possesses, and suggested modifications. Relevant instructional material and qualified teachers comprise valuable educational components for education at home or school. This enables students to learn and gain skills and knowledge. They also contribute to the ability of students to compete for economic security through job competition. Adequate education provides students with the tools required for engagement in appropriate civic adult life (Rowan, & Miller, p. 5). The consequences of lacking the educational facilities and components have led to decline in the standards of education. The disparities and inadequacies of instructional material, teachers and facilities, indicate a systemic and deep flaw in the national educational system. These flaws include incoherent and fragmented approach to national policymaking. They also indicate a flawed system of school finance based inequitable distribution of resources. Varied individuals suggest differing solutions t o the problem of academic restructuring in America. Additionally, there have been innumerable transformations of the current structure of American education since commencement. The problem lay with defining the perfect system of organizing and delivering of knowledge in academic institutions. This results to a dilemma because of varied ideologies on educational systems from reformists, as well as scholars. In addition, politicians add to the misunderstanding that surrounds the definition of an ideal structure of education worth implementing. Most politicians voice what they perceive as the anticipation of voters (Futrell, p. 9). They lack an understanding of the reality of the inadequacies in the educational systems, and the requirements for educational reforms. This raises debate on the appropriateness of their ideologies (McClure, Wiener, Roza, & Hill, p. 10). There exists a universal conviction in the global community that education provides an imperative resource that crucial fo r involving in life’s triumphs. Education provides the perseverance to acquire skills and the determination to attain objectives and achieve high standards. It permits individuals to comprehend skills of life and the value of possessing such skill; hence the need to ascertain its attainment. Consequently, creating a competitive, educational structure crucially contributes to the wellbeing of

News Media Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

News Media Comparison - Assignment Example o curb the effects of these chemicals on the environment, companies involved in these mining prospects have created lakes where this water is collected and recycled (Bisset, n. p.). Recycling requires extra time and resources, which these companies try to minimize by storing the waste chemicals in lakes. Most of the flow back is pumped into exhausted wells, but it is mostly liked to leach to aquifers and surface waters. Fracking might disrupt radioactive elements and gases that might leach up to the surface and harm people and environment (Dembicki, n. p.). Corporate media like the CTV News’ report that the benefits of natural gas shale mining through the Fracking method’s advantages outweigh the disadvantages. This is in terms of job creation, consistent and steady supply of natural gas for next 100 years, and the income it will generate in terms of savings accrued from expenditure on fuel imports (Bisset, n. p.). The minister, for energy and mines, is quoted advocatin g for natural gas mining using the Fracking process, saying that all it requires is gradual integration of both conservative and avant-garde approaches to both environmental protection and the economic potential of natural gas shale mining (Bisset, n. p.). The framing of the news lays emphasis on the positive impact of the proposed and continued natural gas mining prospects are going to have a long lasting effect on the economies and lives of the people (Krugel, n. p.). This brings to fore the argument that is forwarded by those who are advocating for the continued exploration and mining of natural gas. Their arguments are focused on improving the livelihoods through the creation and acquisition of jobs, and how these mining ventures help in improving the ailing economies of towns and provinces where... This essay approves that alternative media provides complimentary information to that provided by the mainstream media or corporate media. It does this by being different in their delivery of information through varying dimensions of content, models of production, distribution, dynamic artistry and target audience integration. Alternative media’s main objective is to mitigate the effects of existing authorities, like governments and corporations that run the mainstream media, by representing the plight of the marginalized, in society. Although both types of media are bias, alternative media claims that its bias is different from that of corporate media because of their values and overall objective of agitating for the common man’s well being. This paper aims at comparing these two types of media by analysing how they handle a specific current issue in Canada. This report makes a conclusion that the focus on the negative environmental impacts of Fracking, in Canada, is not highlighted as much as it should, but the only mention of the environment is what the government will do, and measures it intends put, in place. There is no mention of what people should do to protect themselves against the harmful effects associated with frack mining. The sources used, in their reporting on this issue, are those that are benefitting from the ongoing mining operations because all their expositions, on the matter, are focused on the positives associated with continued mining activities without focusing on the effects of mining on the environment. Sources from the ministry of environment that would have highlighted the plight of sensitive ecosystems at risk of destruction and its contribution to global warming are not included in their articles.

Water conservation strategies according to green seal requirements Case Study

Water conservation strategies according to green seal requirements - Case Study Example This paper deals with the concept of water recycling and waste water management according to the principles enshrined in Green Seal recommended practices. Water recycling processes can adopt many strategies that strives to conserve water as well as reuse them after separating harmful pollutants and organic matter from it. The strategies also involve practices that encourage the effective use of water and reduction of waste water. Waste water management is not a discipline that merely consists of scientific jargon. It is attainable and sustainable provided one takes the pains to implement it aptly.With the increasing destruction of environmental resources, the need for conservation has significantly increased in the modern world. This is specifically so in the case of resources such as water. Statistics available indicate that sources of potable water will not remain as such if the level of exploitation is to continue at the current rate in the world. In addition to the pressures of p opulation increase and pollution, industrial pressures on potable water are also decreasing the availability of fresh water and there is an urgent need to control water wastage. It is in this context that the need to control water wastage through water recycling gains importance. Wastewater management is an emerging field of science that helps to tackle issues related to water pollution and contamination in the industrial world.The need for waste water management has many ramifications, which is both social as well as economical. As far as the society is concerned waste water management helps to recycle the much needed elixir of life back into the water sources as potable water. Otherwise, water that is recycled can be used to sustain green cover over an area thereby providing for the optimum use of this precious natural resource. On the economic front it may be said that conserving water amounts to saving money in many ways and the initial costs that may be involved can soon be rec ouped in terms of both tangible and intangible benefits for the company. World wide statistics indicate that water, which is a fundamental need for the existence of life on earth, is limited in terms of its availability. Humans have access to less than 0.08% of all the water that is available in earth. To add to the woes it is believed the need for water will increase by about 40% in the next two decades. This perhaps indicates to the immense responsibility that humans have towards conserving water. In the year 1999, the United Nations Environment Programme identified water shortage as one of the two most worrying problems for the millennium. The fact that the other problem, global warming, is also related to water shortage adds gravity to the situation. It is believed that one person in five across the world has no access to safe drinking water. Similarly, one in two lacks safe sanitation [United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 1996] In terms of social ramifications, a reliable supply of water is the basic need for any form of development. The availability and quality of water is essential factor in the nation's ability to protect public health, preserve ecological integrity, ensure sufficient agricultural production, and meet commercial needs. Therefore issues affecting the nation's atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater need to be addressed with priority. Certain facts that point towards the gravity of a water crisis are: About 1.1 billion people, or 18 percent of the world's population, lack access to safe drinking water. In addition, 2.5 billion are without proper sanitation. Even though the freshwater supplies are sufficient for the world's population, water scarcity exists due to poor management and distribution of water resources. Unsafe drinking water is the cause of death of more than five million people each year.

The Reaction of Faculty Staff to Resident`s Feedback on Their Teaching Essay

The Reaction of Faculty Staff to Resident`s Feedback on Their Teaching Performance - Essay Example The abstract is well drafted, and it has outlined the methods used and the main findings. The research would have more information present the research problem clearly. It is not clear from the abstract where the research problem. It has stated the aim of the research paper which is to increase understanding on how the reaction of faculty staff to resident`s feedback on their teaching performance. It would be in helping to include a recommendation in this paper in order to know the next step of action. The paper presents two research objectives that are later structured into research questions. The research objectives that were structured by research questions are: how the faculty staff proceeds on receiving feedback and the factors that influence on their progression (Van der Leeuw 2011, p.2). The objectives seem to look at the progress after the feedback. The aim was to increase understanding in the reaction to feedback. The objectives should be in line with the objective of the study. The inclusion of an objective that explores more on how the nature of the feedback makes the faculty react would help create more insight. The research questions give the direction to be followed during the research process. The research problem is clearly stated, and it gives the rationale for the study, then there is a reliable system in place that provides feedback. The issue is responsiveness of the faculty staff to the feedback. This agrees with the work of Steinert et al. (2006, p. 498) that stated that the change in teaching behaviors after feedback was not frequently researched on. The literature is up to date as most of the references were recently giving information of the recent advances.

Activating Content through Social Media Advertising, Curation, Micro- Essay

Activating Content through Social Media Advertising, Curation, Micro- blogging, Pinning and Posting - Essay Example This paper outlines a strategy on how a real estate agent activates and promotes content through social media advertising, curation, micro-blogging, pinning, posting, and link baiting. Social media is a viable option embraced by businesses in the contemporary society. Paid advertising is achievable in sites such as Facebook and twitter. On Facebook, a real estate agent can advertise its business through promoting a page and promoting its post through the â€Å"boost post† option. Recently, Facebook restricts the accessibility of posts, and only a page that has been â€Å"promoted† is likely to receive appreciable attention. Boosting a post presents several dynamics in which one can choose their target demographics, age bracket, and duration of post (Bailey, 2010). For instance, the name of a page may be â€Å"accessible and affordable housing†. It is a suitable strategy because one can easily make a budget based on the available options. In addition, Facebook can enable an agent to target particular regions, and a strategy that is specific to their demographical region is beneficial in terms of avoiding overspending and time wastage in redunda nt areas. The market is wide and newlyweds and job transients are always sprouting up every week. Gaining access to everyone at a global stage is nearly impossible, and in consequence, it is essential to identify and retain specified clientele. For instance, gay couples may prefer to stay in certain locations, and it is necessary as an agent to ensure their requirements are met. For that reason, as a real estate agent, I will specify the target countries and direct advertising towards the identified areas. As a real estate agent, I can utilize link baiting through highlighting the advantages of competitors while also promoting its brand. After one follows the link of its competitor or any other company, the individual may be interested in the links that are in the same page. Through link

Water conservation strategies according to green seal requirements Case Study

Water conservation strategies according to green seal requirements - Case Study Example This paper deals with the concept of water recycling and waste water management according to the principles enshrined in Green Seal recommended practices. Water recycling processes can adopt many strategies that strives to conserve water as well as reuse them after separating harmful pollutants and organic matter from it. The strategies also involve practices that encourage the effective use of water and reduction of waste water. Waste water management is not a discipline that merely consists of scientific jargon. It is attainable and sustainable provided one takes the pains to implement it aptly.With the increasing destruction of environmental resources, the need for conservation has significantly increased in the modern world. This is specifically so in the case of resources such as water. Statistics available indicate that sources of potable water will not remain as such if the level of exploitation is to continue at the current rate in the world. In addition to the pressures of p opulation increase and pollution, industrial pressures on potable water are also decreasing the availability of fresh water and there is an urgent need to control water wastage. It is in this context that the need to control water wastage through water recycling gains importance. Wastewater management is an emerging field of science that helps to tackle issues related to water pollution and contamination in the industrial world.The need for waste water management has many ramifications, which is both social as well as economical. As far as the society is concerned waste water management helps to recycle the much needed elixir of life back into the water sources as potable water. Otherwise, water that is recycled can be used to sustain green cover over an area thereby providing for the optimum use of this precious natural resource. On the economic front it may be said that conserving water amounts to saving money in many ways and the initial costs that may be involved can soon be rec ouped in terms of both tangible and intangible benefits for the company. World wide statistics indicate that water, which is a fundamental need for the existence of life on earth, is limited in terms of its availability. Humans have access to less than 0.08% of all the water that is available in earth. To add to the woes it is believed the need for water will increase by about 40% in the next two decades. This perhaps indicates to the immense responsibility that humans have towards conserving water. In the year 1999, the United Nations Environment Programme identified water shortage as one of the two most worrying problems for the millennium. The fact that the other problem, global warming, is also related to water shortage adds gravity to the situation. It is believed that one person in five across the world has no access to safe drinking water. Similarly, one in two lacks safe sanitation [United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 1996] In terms of social ramifications, a reliable supply of water is the basic need for any form of development. The availability and quality of water is essential factor in the nation's ability to protect public health, preserve ecological integrity, ensure sufficient agricultural production, and meet commercial needs. Therefore issues affecting the nation's atmospheric water, surface water and groundwater need to be addressed with priority. Certain facts that point towards the gravity of a water crisis are: About 1.1 billion people, or 18 percent of the world's population, lack access to safe drinking water. In addition, 2.5 billion are without proper sanitation. Even though the freshwater supplies are sufficient for the world's population, water scarcity exists due to poor management and distribution of water resources. Unsafe drinking water is the cause of death of more than five million people each year.

Activating Content through Social Media Advertising, Curation, Micro- Essay

Activating Content through Social Media Advertising, Curation, Micro- blogging, Pinning and Posting - Essay Example This paper outlines a strategy on how a real estate agent activates and promotes content through social media advertising, curation, micro-blogging, pinning, posting, and link baiting. Social media is a viable option embraced by businesses in the contemporary society. Paid advertising is achievable in sites such as Facebook and twitter. On Facebook, a real estate agent can advertise its business through promoting a page and promoting its post through the â€Å"boost post† option. Recently, Facebook restricts the accessibility of posts, and only a page that has been â€Å"promoted† is likely to receive appreciable attention. Boosting a post presents several dynamics in which one can choose their target demographics, age bracket, and duration of post (Bailey, 2010). For instance, the name of a page may be â€Å"accessible and affordable housing†. It is a suitable strategy because one can easily make a budget based on the available options. In addition, Facebook can enable an agent to target particular regions, and a strategy that is specific to their demographical region is beneficial in terms of avoiding overspending and time wastage in redunda nt areas. The market is wide and newlyweds and job transients are always sprouting up every week. Gaining access to everyone at a global stage is nearly impossible, and in consequence, it is essential to identify and retain specified clientele. For instance, gay couples may prefer to stay in certain locations, and it is necessary as an agent to ensure their requirements are met. For that reason, as a real estate agent, I will specify the target countries and direct advertising towards the identified areas. As a real estate agent, I can utilize link baiting through highlighting the advantages of competitors while also promoting its brand. After one follows the link of its competitor or any other company, the individual may be interested in the links that are in the same page. Through link

Why hunting is positive for the environment Essay Example for Free

Why hunting is positive for the environment Essay Hunting can be used in many different ways that all have a positive effect on the environment. Hunting is helpful in many positive ways to keep the environment clean and healthy. Hunting has been used since the beginning of time and has always been here. Throughout the years, there have been many different groups of people that are pro-hunting and many different groups that have been against hunting. Since hunting began, many of the people who are pro-hunting has kept the environment clean and healthy. Hunting has many positive effects on the environment that are beneficial. Some of these benefits include but are not limited to the large economic benefit to the wildlife conservation through hunting equipment taxes, hunting license sales, and usage fees. Other benefits of hunting is all the money that is spent yearly by hunters on equipment, hunting trips, and guide services. Hunters also contribute highly to keeping the environment clean and healthier by donating and contributing large sums of time and money to hunter run conservation groups that work to help increase natural wildlife habitats and populations (Hunting Benefits 1). An environment that is considered to be â€Å"good† would be one that involves situations of activities that maintain wildlife at current levels. Which means hunting is positive for the environment because the hunting community helps ensure that the wildlife populations of all the different types of game is kept in good conditions and can be proven to survive from this generation to the next (Gibbons 1). This means that hunters have to keep a variety of natural habitats to be kept intact, unpolluted, and undisturbed by unnatural forces. All of which hunters support these efforts (Gibbons 1). Wildlife hunting in all aspects plays a major role in helping keep the environment as clean and natural as possible; therefore, hunting should be permitted with rules and regulations. Hunting has helped the environment financially. Hunting benefits the environment financially by providing many different ways to help raise money to help keep the environment clean and natural. An environment that is considered to be â€Å"good† would be one that involves situations of activities that maintain wildlife at current levels. Which means hunting is positive for the environment because the hunting community helps ensure that the wildlife populations of all the different types of game is kept in good conditions and can be proven to survive from this generation to the next (Gibbons 1). This means that hunters have to keep a variety of natural habitats to be kept intact, unpolluted, and undisturbed by unnatural forces. All of which hunters support these efforts (Gibbons 1). Keeping natural habitats as clean, natural, and undamaged as possible is a very important fact of having a sustainable place to hunt. Hunters are not the only people that are looking for environments clean and healthy like these. By providing ecosystems like these from hunting, it brings more revenue from other activities to help the natural world. Some of these activities include ecologists dependency on the environments for research. Hikers, bird-watchers, and wildflower viewers prefer habitats that are uncontaminated and full of wild living things (Gibbons 1). Even though most hunters and other groups do not prefer to share the same habitats, it gives an immense variety of wildlife seekers to have a common goal of healthy outdoors (Gibbons 2). Many people who are against hunting provide different ways that hunting is negative but hunting provides very strong financial aid to keeping the environment healthy. Hunting not only provides a way for natural food, but also gives much financial aid to having clean ecosystems. â€Å"The money hunters spend on their hunting licenses is pumped back into programs that help protect and enhance wildlife and the environment. If hunting is well regulated, as sports or recreational involvement, there are no major affects to the species, if anything it may help bring back species from the edge of extinction. Many wildlife managers view sport hunting as the principal basis for protection of wildlife (Blogspot 1). † The money that hunters have spent on the items that they buy to use to hunt is put back into organizations that help benefit the environment. Regulated hunting has more of a positive effect on the environment than it does detrimental and actually helps animal populations as a form of protection. â€Å"Hunting is a business in and of itself; in 2001 alone 13 million people in the U. S. went hunting and spent more than 20 billion dollars (Hunting Benefits 2). † This is stating that left alone, hunting is a highly successful and lucrative business. Hunting has benefited the environment sanitarily. Many different types of hunting cover nearly all ecosystems, keeping them natural and safe. There are many different organizations that work to keep the environment clean from pollution and other harmful things. Many hunters volunteer and work independently to keep the environment safe and clean. Hunters do more than just kill animals, they keep the environment safe for everyone including the animals. Hunting is one of the most effective ways to a clean environment. â€Å"This negative view of hunter’s ethics is wrong; in reality hunting is an essential conservation tool (Hunting Benefits 3). † If hunting were to be illegal, the world would lose one of the biggest conservation tools it has to offer. Hunting has helped benefit the environment by keeping the populations of animals in balance. On a national average, nearly 1. 5 million deer are hit every year causing billions of dollars in damage to vehicles and making insurances rise (Deer 1). When there is an overpopulation of deer or other animal in the woods, they begin to move out of their home in search for food. This could mean either going out of the area in the woods that they live in and going to other parts and staying out of human contact or as what has occurred before is the animals moving into areas that are populated by humans and being killed and causing accidents. By hunting the deer and keeping their populations in check, it helps keep the deer from migrating out of their forest homes and wandering into suburban areas in search for food (Deer 1). This is potentially dangerous for humans because when accidents begin to happen by hitting the deer, people can either be seriously injured or killed in some cases. With the proper rules and regulations in place, wildlife hunting plays a major role to help keep the environment clean, healthy, and as natural as possible. Killing animals for sport or just to be able to hang trophies on the wall is cruel and unethical. By killing animals for food and to keep the populations in balance is a good thing and keeps a healthy food chain in the environment. Hunting can help benefit the environment in many different ways. It keeps it clean and prosperous.

Discuss Marx Concept Of Alienation Sociology Essay

Discuss Marx Concept Of Alienation Sociology Essay Alienation is the idea that a working class man is alienated from his essential nature and individuality, economic and spiritual being Churchich (1990).This essay will outline what alienation is and examples given by Marx and his view on who is to blame, the four main concepts of alienation will be discussed as well as support and criticism. Marx puts alienation down to the divide in labour and private property which is seen as dehumanizing society. Marx based his ideas on Hegel and Feuerback however also criticized their views. He agreed with Hegels idea that people can become alienated from themselves but doesnt believe people alienated themselves. Feuerbacks views from The Essence of Christianity 1814 were that people view of god is the means of how people view themselves and when people worship god they in fact worship themselves. He believes when people place something higher than themselves they consequently become alienated from their being. Marx believed religion tries to divert peoples attention away from the truth about alienation. Marxs view of alienation in labour can be interpreted as the way a worker feels a sense of foreignness to products of their own labour. This is experienced by working class people in factories who were put into long and awful conditions of work to survive. They were uneducated, in unfortunate positions, treated badly and poorly paid. Due to these conditions the workers started to underbid one another to get a days work in order to support their families. Marx thought the working class factory workers need to join hands to make an improvement on their working conditions. He suggests that workers need to obtain their rights and require more pay and better working conditions. Marx, in his  Estranged Labor from Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts believed a worker becomes similar to a alienated animal. He believes the workers labour belongs to someone else so a man only through his animal functions can freely express himself. These functions are everyday tasks in their own house, drin king and eating, reproducing and so on. Marx believes a worker feels more like an animal in his human functions so eventually animal functions become human functions and vice versa. Marx alienation notion is in theory quite influential and powerful because it gives an account of how human life is degraded however it makes clear that it is not expected or natural. It provides a detailed explanation of the experiences of labour. Marxs theory of alienation shows the results of capitalist production on the physical and psychological state of people and on the social situations they engage in or are part of. This was Marx method of seeing his contemporaries so he could understand and explain how they interact and relate to each other. Marx proposed 4 types of alienation based on a regular factory worker under capitalism. There are two divisions in the private ownership system; workers with no property and owners of property. Due to this divide in society workers not only are the workers poor but they also have to suffer alienation from the world. The first type of alienation is the concept of what a person produces or makes does not belong to them. The idea that everything produced by a person only benefits the world which they do not fit into. Rubin (1990) outlines a quantitative and a qualitative part to how goods are produced he said the worker doesnt really get paid for the amount of labour put in so is exploited This benefits capitalism as the more alienated the worker becomes the more work he does. Qualitatively, the worker puts creativity into the product he creates however is not given creative labour to replace it. He believes that with capitalism, work doesnt inspire or introduce workers to new things; i nstead it takes away a persons energy and wears them out. An individual helps to make all these objects that he does not own himself which makes them feel and look smaller compared to this world. They may help create an expensive car, build houses or make expensive clothes which they cannot afford. The second form of alienation is the work process. It is separation of the worker from the work itself for example the job performed does not belong to them instead it is a way of survival in the world. They are not doing the job for themselves but for someone else. This kind of work does not allow a person to become creative as it does not come from his own accord as they are following instructions from others, instead indicates a loss of self worth for the worker. For example when a person works at a call centre doesnt create anything, follows the same method, copies a script and doesnt get to make any important decisions. It becomes dull and automatic so the mind doesnt have to be used. The worker doesnt have control over the conditions and organization of work nor do they have any control on how it influences them psychologically or physically. This reduces a persons ability to be creative. The third type of alienation is the alienation from other humans. Instead of spending time with people you want you have to work with people whether you do or do not like them. In society there is some resentment or dislike between the different class structures which is partly to blame for this type of alienation. People become alienated from people who take advantage of their labour. According to Cox (1998) Marx said if the worker is tormented by his work then it must give delight to another. If a man views his activity as unfree and not something they wish to do then he views it as under the order, force or oppression of another person. Workers are linked to people through the products they produce however dont personally connect to them. Each day people may wear clothes, eat food, live in houses, use tools created by people who have worked to make them however they are not known personally instead they are known only through the products brought and consumed. Man doesnt see his f ellow man as equal instead as higher or lower than them in society. People dont know each other individually but as products of capitalism however the capitalist society is more individual and independent compared to the working class. According to Korkotsides (2007) People take things for their own use irrespective of how it was produced and under what conditions or circumstances. As Marx supposed that people in working class are generally the most alienated, the liberation from alienation will have to begin with liberating the working class. Marx believed production of goods frequently makes new desires to use human powers for money and benefit instead of improving the abilities of humans. People see each others as rivals and as inferior or senior to them. The fourth type of alienation is a persons alienation from species-being, or human individuality. Humans base their life around work it is an essential part of life for the working class. Human identity is formed by doing work without thinking for example when doing the same job day in day out a person becomes lifeless in terms of personality and identity and becomes more like a robot. In the private ownership system a worker is alienated from their purpose of life and individuality essential for a human being. What makes a human is the skill to shape the world around by thoughts, abilities and actions however under the capitalist society this is not always the case. Labour is pressured and forced and does not relate to a persons personal preference or interests. According to Cox (1998) Marx suggests workers benefits capitalism by constantly producing for them however even though he helped make them successful and wealthy doesnt get much recognition or benefit from it. In his manuscr ipt he said that capitalists make palaces for the rich but hovels for the working class. It throws some workers into cruel ways of labour and makes some workers into machines. It gives them brainpower but makes stupidity and cretinism at the same time. Humans have socials skills so they can work together to develop on their interests however capitalists divide humans and put all their effort and interests into labour. When a capitalist is bettering production in their factory, without knowing they can be reducing profit rates for their own class by slowing down the profit rate. A company may produce to accomplish a sharp demand, however when the products are in store they may find other companies have already done it first. Sometimes more than what is required is produced and is not needed. Recessions in capitalism means labourers consume less as more then whats required is produced this is down to their work being too productive. Marx view of a content person was not someone with many material possessions but someone who is happy in their life in terms of good emotional contact with other people, education, and a person who may not have many possessions but is not scared to say what he feels. An unproductive worker who dosent wants to contribute to political processes in Marx eyes is a victim of alienation. He highlights what a person can be and how they should be independent and not concentrate on what they possess. Marx view is supported by Kant and Fiche who thought workers should stop being inactive like the workers were in history and start becoming active producers of their own future. Marx alienation concept is influenced by Hegel therefore there are similarities with both theories. Hegel thinks self-alienation is to be conquered with the advance and development of history Sayers (2003). They both agree that the spiritual and social parts of alienation and their how they can be defeated are combined. On the other hand Hegel believed alienation is defeated in society at present which Marx disagreed with. According to Sean Sayers (2003) Kierkegaars also backed Marx view he believed man today is alienated from one self and in mankind due to prejudice and lack of individuality. According to Churchich (1990) alienation was seen as mainly religious and it had more of a psychological meaning linked to the soul however Marx disagreed believing alienation is down to man not nature or god. Marx disagreed with Hegels idea that alienation is originated in nature of human life and says he reduced history to just thoughts, observing real events and objects merely as manifestations of spirit. A Humans contentment and needs have to be linked to the forms of production in order to be measured. Humans are different to animals in terms of their needs because nature decides an animals natural needs are and a humans needs are essentially social and historically established by themselves. He believed creativity separated humans from animals. Marx argues a persons consciousness of the requirement for certain things is a product of concrete historical situations and cant be decided by just thoughts. Marx and Smith had a similar thought as they worked on putting an end to capitalists exploiting the working class and believed society and economy ought to centre their attention on making peoples lives better. Despite this they do differ on the means of economy. Both Smith and Marx see labour as divided and see it as the key feature of capitalism. According to Meek (1977) While Smith views capitalism as an advantage to not only society but on a person too. He believes a person sees power as a natural need; their wish is to stand out, elevate themselves and obtain a source of wealth. Marx sees capitalism purely as unnatural and a disadvantage to a worker. Marx believed capitalists have a strong social and economic foundation and the only way to conquer alienation is when this changes. Support for Marx idea that alienation is dividing a person from their labour is for example a person works to earn a living and will get paid but ultimately the company profits from this. The worker wont earn as much money compared to the amount of work put in therefore the company will get more profit by underpaying the worker causing the worker to disconnect. A criticism of Marxs alienation theory is its seen as not scientific and cant be used for experimental research. The problem with this criticism is Marxs alienation concept is centred on historical tests and it studies labour when it is not controlled by authority. Another criticism is Marx states that nearly all work is alienated and the worker does not benefit from their work however this may not always be the case for some. If a mechanic fixes a car he may not have one himself however he will learn a skill which can be useful for him in the future or may have personal satisfaction from doing the job to the best of their ability. Another example is that of a blacksmith may own a shop working the hours he wants, deciding any important decisions as well as setting his own working environment, creates his own product and makes the decision of how they sell. Most importantly the communication with customers is more of a personal nature than professional. There are many examples of modern alienation for example when a worker doesnt get enough from capitalist work he may take out loans from banks to buy the products they create, for example a big house or a car. They are exploited by mortgages and loans however if they become unemployed it is all taken away from them. The resolution to alienation isnt to look back at history but to recognize what can be done in todays society and how it can be transformed. A book by Oliver James describing the Affluenza virus supports Marx where he blames capitalism for creating alienation. The Affluenza virus is sets of principles that makes people more open to emotional distress. This is done by putting importance on obtaining wealth, goods and fame. He suggests changing the way people live their life to conquer this which isnt always easy for people to do. Alienation isnt that easy to solve when oppression and exploitation exist in society. To summarize Marx early works was influenced by Hegel and Feuerbach. His alienation theory is the debate that the life of work in a capitalistic society disadvantages them of enjoyment or creativeness of labour. He saw creativity as a vital aspect of living and this kind of labour not only alienates them from their work but also from their independency in effect causing dehumanization. The example of factory workers supports Marxs view that capitalists exploit the working class and the four concepts of alienation workers go through describe how they are alienated. According to Marx alienation will continue to exist along as capitalism is around. References Churchich, N, (1990). Marxism and Alienation. 1st ed. U.S: Associated University Presses. Sean Sayers. (2003). The Concept of Alienation in Existentialism and Marxism. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/philosophy/articles/sayers/alienation.pdf. [Accessed 22 November 12]. Ronald L. Meek. (1977). Smith, Marx After. [ONLINE] Available at: http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/economics/faculty/henry/courses/Econ506/Readings/Meek.SmithMarx.pdf. [Accessed 23 November 12].

Francisco Franco Essay -- essays research papers

Francisco Franco was a general and authoritarian leader, who governed Spain from 1939 to 1975. He came to power shortly after the start of the Spanish Civil War. In that war, he led the rebel Nationalist Army to victory over the Loyalist forces. After the war ended in 1939, Franco held complete control of Spain. His regime was similar to a Fascist dictatorship. He carried out the functions of chief of state, prime minister, commander in chief, and leader of the Falange, the only permitted political party. He adopted the title of El Caudillo, the leader. In the early years of his regime, he tried to eliminate all opposition. He later eased some restrictions. Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born on December 4, 1892, in El Ferrol de Caudillo, Spain. His father was a naval officer. He schooled at the Infantry Academy of Toledo. After graduating from the infantry academy in 1910, he rose rapidly in the army, earning the reputation for efficiency, honesty, and complete professional dedication. He was named commander of the Spanish foreign legion in 1923. Franco became a national hero for his role in suppressing revolts in Morocco, and at the age of 33 he was made brigadier general. Having quelled a leftists revolt in Austria in 1934, he became army chief of staff in 1935. In February of 1936 the leftist government of the Spanish republic exiled Franco to an obscure command in the Canary Islands. The following July he joined other right-wing officers in a revolt against th...

A Wizard of Eathsea Ged’s Inner Journey :: Ged Inner Journey Essays

A Wizard of Eathsea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ged’s Inner Journey    Ged goes though many struggles in the book â€Å"A Wizard of Eathsea.† The book follows him though the many stages in his life, he learns many lessons and goes though   numerous   trials and tribulations.   All these things help him through his own personal battle of life, his inner journey.   Ged’s inner journey is shaped by the many people, places, and things he encounters during his outer journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Geds inner journey begins as a young boy, he was quite remarkable and very smart.   Then as an adolescent he learns not to let his ego in his way and what happens when he does.   Finally he learns how to defeat the shadow and how too win his life back.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a young boy Ged learns to fend for himself.   His mother dies when he is young, and his father and older brothers have no use for him.   That must have made his soul yearn for love, because he never got it as a child.   He was a wild and unruly child, and the only time his aunt paid attention to him is when she found out he had powers.   It is as if the aunt used him to live vicariously though, and that would make anyone upset and cold to others.   However, Ged learns to overcome all of his emotional struggles and becomes someone who is caring toward others. When he is a little older, he leaves his home.   This is easy for him to do because he has no emotional ties to anyone in Ten Alders, and he has the will to learn.   He has almost â€Å"a calling† to go with Ogion, and it is his fate to do so.   He can feel it inside of him, an urge to go; He doesn’t know what but he needs to go.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geds ego and impatience are always getting to the best of him, Ogion is trying to teach him important lessons, but Ged is still young and still has romantic fantasies about what being a wizard is all about.   He lets himself make decisions with just his heart instead of with his brain, which gets him in to trouble.   For instance when Serret meets Ged in the field and she teases him and makes him fell dumb, he then tries to use powers, which he can’t handle, so he can feel good about himself.

Evaluating E-Commerce Strategy Development within Organisations Essay

Background The news about the â€Å"New Economy† has triggered many entrepreneurial ventures to exploit on the electronic commerce (e-commerce) opportunities. Ventures such as Amazon and eBay have received significant media attention and investor optimism about the potential of e-commerce. Now that the smoke has settled, both management and academic research have become interested on the impact of e-commerce on those companies that have supplemented their brick-and-mortar outlets with e-commerce initiatives. Several researches have emerged on effect of e-commerce on organisational strategy. Tapscott et al (1998) discusses the organisational changes created by B2B e-commerce and the benefits of deploying e-commerce within the organisation. O’Connell (2000) discusses the effect of e-commerce in the organisational structure in light of the resource-based view and transaction cost theory. E-commerce has been seen as improving efficiency, communication and lowering costs across business processes (O’Connell, 2000; Krovi et al., 2003; Garicano and Kaplan, 2001). In addition, researches have also shown the influence of e-commerce on brand management. Wind & Mahajan (2001). discuss how the competitive environment is changing with the increasing number of Internet users and how the new technology is redefining the marketplace. The research presented a conceptual framework delineating the drivers and outcomes of marketing strategy in the context of competing in both physical and electronic marketplace. Part of the emergence of electronic marketplace is the ability of organisations to offer highly customized products to consumers, and the capability to build and to manage customer relationships (Brown, 2000). The aim of the research is to investigate the way in which an organisation develops its electronic commerce strategy over time in light of existing strategic approaches and development found within related literature. The research particularly looks into Marks & Spencer e-commerce strategy as the case study for the research. The research looks into how Marks & Spencer has developed and implemented its e-commerce strategy. Drawing from strategic management theories, the research specifically focuses on the how an e-commerce strategy is grounded on reducing transaction cost within the organisation and across the value chain. Furthermore, the research also looks into the importance of relationship marketing and how e-commerce is providing organisations with the necessary technology to achieve seamless exchange of information and reduced costs. Strategically, the adoption of e-commerce within an organisation hinges on these two important strategic management theories. In addition, the research is confined within the business-to-consumer (B2C) market, since business-to-business (B2B) relations are frequently characterized by a small number of customers and a strong emphasis on personal contacts between customers and salespeople as their means of marketing communication. Therefore, the research focuses on how consumers view their shopping experience within an e-commerce site, particularly Marks & Spencer. The Overview of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remainder of this study is as following statement:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 2, Literature Review, will provide a concise concept and explanation of electronic commerce within retail organisation. The review of related literature discusses the concept and application areas of e-commerce within organisation. The review will also tackle the important strategic management concepts such as transaction cost theory and relationship marketing and how e-commerce is enabling organisations achieve increased efficiency, improved communication, and lower costs across its value chain. Chapter 3, Methodology, will describe the research design of this study. The research design of this study is empirical research method using secondary data for quantitative analysis. Chapter 4, Results, will demonstrate the results of this study.   At first, the descriptive statistical data such as maximum, minimum and mean, on the consumer’s perspective on the different service attributes of e-commerce site for Marks and Spencer. Chapter 5, Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations, the â€Å"Summary† section will first provide a comprehensive summary of the major findings of this study. The â€Å"Conclusion† section will highlight the implications of the research findings. Finally, â€Å"Recommendations† will be proposed to help companies to utilize the importance of electronic commerce in their strategic assessment.   In next chapter, related researches in electronic commerce will be reviewed CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Electronic Commerce According to the International Engineering Forum, e-commerce is â€Å"an emerging model of new selling and merchandising tools in which buyers are able to participate in all phases of a purchase decision, while stepping through those processes electronically rather than in a physical store or by phone (with a physical catalog). (online International Engineering Forum)† E-commerce enables a customer to access product information, select items to purchase, purchase items securely and have the purchase settled financially.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the notion of e-commerce as the ability of organisations or a person to sell over the Internet is very popular, the research paper will adopt the definition of Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). E-commerce can be defined as â€Å"the total of all applications that pertain to online communications and transaction (OECD, 2000).† The definition better suit our purpose of discussing e-commerce in the context of strategic management. The research views e-commerce holistically, which encompasses the communication between organisations and customer over the Internet, the completion of one-time or on-going online transactions, and e-CRM systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emergence of e-commerce in the retail sector is one of the most widely adopted and anticipated development in the industry. Following the success of Amazon, many brick-and-mortar retailers jumped into the dot com bandwagon and established their online presence in the World Wide Web. Many have adopted e-commerce capabilities out of a fear of falling behind competitors or as a result of the general momentum to expand the use of an existing Internet presence. Nonetheless, the main value proposition for organisations adopting an online presence is the prospect of increasing revenue from new markets and using a lower-cost, electronic-distribution channel (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With a strong demand from organisations in creating an online presence, internet service providers (ISPs) have begun to offer electronic-commerce hosting services. ISPs often position as a outsourced service provider of the customers’ electronic-commerce capabilities, managing the networking and server aspects of the initiatives. Such services are important consideration for the roll-out e-commerce sites as it allows organisations to leverage on the expertise of ISPs and allows organisations to concentrate on their core businesses (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the customer’s perspective, the main benefit of an e-commerce system is the convenience it brings to consumers, who are constrained by busy schedule and numerous activities. The e-commerce system enables a customer to locate and purchase a desired good or service over the Internet when the customer is ready to make the purchase. Its function is synonymous to a virtual store (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the merchant’s perspective, the e-commerce system enables the organisation to take advantage of the strengths of online store and increase revenues. One of the key benefits of implementing an online store is the capability to cover greater market reach and a complementary distribution channel to its existing brick-and-mortar stores. However, in order to effectively implement an e-commerce strategy, the e-commerce system must recreate or utilize existing data and business processes. The merchant must recreate the same shopping experience in its online store providing in-store assistance, secure payment process, catalogs and prices about the products and services, inventory management, and transaction capabilities (including credit authorization, tax computation, financial settlement, and shipping) (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, e-commerce not only allows merchants to take advantage of market reach, but it also enables merchants to redefine and enhance an enterprise’s brand strength, customer-service capability, and supply-chain efficiency. An e-commerce site is one of the areas of an enterprise infrastructure that is open to customers via the Web, but it is linked with other information system of the enterprise value chain (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In implementing an e-commerce site, provision of the basic system requires an Internet connection, a Web-application server and e-commerce application software, and a personal computer for the shopper. Figure 1 illustrates the basic economic drivers and application requirements of an e-commerce marketplace. On the buyers side, consumers are driven to the online retail store through advertisements, interesting features, needed information, and directory. On the sellers side, merchants are driven to the online space because of its ease of entry, increasing website traffic, ability to sell and integrate marketing messages (online International Engineering Forum). Figure 1. Business Drivers in e-commerce strategy E-Commerce Strategies and Business Drivers A number of initiatives implemented within an organisation are driven by a market need. All industries are characterized by trends and new developments that gradually or speedily produce changes important enough to require a strategic response from participating firms. The popular hypothesis about industries going through a life cycle helps explain industry changes but is still incomplete (Porter, 1980 p. 157-162). The life-cycle stages are strongly keyed to changes in the overall industry growth rate (which is why such terms as rapid growth, early maturity, saturation, and decline are used to describe the stages). Yet there are more causes of industry change than an industry’s position in the life cycle (Porter, 1980 p. 157-162). While it is important to judge what growth stage an industry is in, there’s more analytical value in identifying the specific factors causing fundamental industry and competitive adjustments. Industry and competitive conditions change because forces are in motion that create incentives and pressures for change (Porter, 1980 p. 162). The most dominant forces are called driving forces because they have the biggest influence on what kinds of changes will take place in the industry’s structure and competitive environment. The Internet and e-commerce opportunities are unquestionably spawning a sweeping business revolution that altered industry boundaries, opens up all kinds of new business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) market opportunities and threats, sparks competition from new and entirely different breed of enterprises and mandates fundamental changes in business practices (Thompson and Strickland 2001).   In his book The Business of E-Commerce: From Corporate Strategy to Technology, Paul May discusses four business drivers for adopting an e-commerce strategy. First, organisations have the compulsion to catch up with competitors or to gain competitive advantage by being early adopters of the new technology. Organisation’s constant pursuit to gain competitive edge in the marketplace is a primary concern and part of a survival component in the business strategy. Second, organisations need to develop a credible e-commerce channel from its current online portfolio. Third, organisations are constantly looking for ways to reduce cost and increase efficiency within its value chain. E-commerce can be a creative force in delivering reduced transaction cost, increased communication and coordination, and improve business processes. Fourth, e-commerce enables organisations to improve its value chain by creating strategic supplier partnership and delivering customized customer solutions. It allows organisations improve business’ infrastructural capabilities to play as an extended enterprise and not merely a single business entity delivering greater value to its customers (May, 2000). Each of these drivers can be harnessed as a propulsive force for the business, rather than a deflective or immobilizing one (May, 2000). Application areas of E-commerce Six key emerging application areas in electronic commerce can be identified. It can be organized into two important domains: business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B). The application areas include categories in consumer retailing to real-time business-to-business collaboration (May, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retailers were the first adopters of the business-to-consumer e-commerce. Retailers found selling products and services online as a promising channel of distribution for its products and reaching new markets. Nonetheless, B2C e-commerce is now more diversified and classified into three application areas which include retail, auction, and advice (May, 2000). The three application areas of B2C e-commerce are retail, auctions, and advice. Although each has its own distinguishing characteristics, and dynamics, a consistent theme underlies the development of all three. This is the increasing â€Å"busy-ness† of consumer lifestyles: the extension from work life into private life of a culture of ever-decreasing time-frames and ever-increasing obligations. Lack of time and complexity of choice drive the growth of products and services in each of these areas (May, 2000). Business-to-consumer is a term that stresses the direction of delivery: B2C e-commerce is supposedly something done by business to consumers. Yet this domain is founded on intense customer focus. Insight into the conflicting desires and pressures affecting consumers is a powerful ally in building successful strategies in this highly competitive area (May, 2000). Business-to-business, on the other hand, is the umbrella term used to refer to transactions between businesses conducted online, and the business networks and supply chains that make these transactions possible. While B2B activity has always, taken place, the Internet brings with it a new framework, B2B companies no longer need to depend on the traditional one-to-one model for business transactions (Michel, 2003). Procurement, inventory exchange, and real-time collaboration are relatively obscure categories of application, which have the potential to flip many businesses inside-out. Procurement introduces process improvements in the buying functions of organisations and also points the way to a more competitive environment in inter-company trading. Inventory exchange introduces the mechanism of the market to smooth out supply and demand inefficiencies across entire value chain, potentially lowers transaction and carrying costs, and focuses on improving exchange of supplier information. Real-time collaboration allows organisations to cooperate as fluid colonies of actors, undermining the stability of companies who prefer hands-off relationships or who prefer their reality-checks to be presented monthly (May, 2000). e-Commerce application in Retail Industry Retailers are now increasingly adopting electronic commerce as another distribution means of selling products and services. Online channels have also proved increasingly popular amongst retail companies within other formats such as hypermarkets or catalog retailers, who have attempted to expand into the sector to escape from stale growth within their respective markets (Datamonitor 2006). Datamonitor estimates the global Internet retail sector valued at $656.4 billion in 2005, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.3% over the 2001-2005 period. The estimate is based on the total revenues generated through the sale of retail goods via online channels, valued at retail selling price, with any currency conversions calculated using constant 2005 annual average exchange rates (Datamonitor 2006). With the number of Internet users increasing exponentially year-on-year, the industry has experienced strong global growth within the global Internet retail sector. Much of the demand for online purchases is due to the escalating number of working mothers and time-starved consumers who are conveniently seeking ways of shopping without the hassle of driving to a retail store and falling in-line (Datamonitor 2006). At present, drugs and health & beauty aids are the sector’s most lucrative segment in 2005, accounting for a total of $154 billion in total revenues or 23.5% of the retail sector’s total value. Computer, hardware, software, and supplies contributed significant revenues in 2005, generating $114.9 billion in revenues or 17.5% of the sector’s total value (Datamonitor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While analyst do not see a similar spectacular growth in the global Internet retail industry, experts still is optimistic the pace of revenue expansion for the next four years. Industry experts project to the expansion of industry to remain strong valuing the industry at $1.169 trillion by 2010. This translates to 12.2% CAGR over the 2005-2010 period (Datamonitor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of revenues generated per region, Datamonitor reports that Europe has the largest market share in the global Internet retail sector with 44.4% of total value, followed by the United States and the Asia Pacific with 22.5% and 21.7% respectively (Datamonitor, 2006).